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The Berkeley Evolution Site Students and teachers who explore the Berkeley site will find resources to help them understand and teach evolution. The materials are organized into optional learning paths like “What did T. rex taste like?” Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection explains how in time, creatures more adaptable to changing environments survive and those that do not become extinct. This process of biological evolution is the main focus of science. What is Evolution? The term “evolution” can be used to refer to a variety of nonscientific meanings. For example it could refer to “progress” and “descent with modifications.” Scientifically, it refers to a process of changes in the traits of living organisms (or species) over time. In biological terms the change is caused by natural selection and genetic drift. Evolution is one of the fundamental tenets of modern biology. It is an accepted theory that has stood the tests of time and thousands of scientific experiments. Evolution does not deal with spiritual beliefs or God's presence, unlike many other theories in science, like the Copernican or germ theory of disease. Early evolutionists, such as Erasmus Darwin (Charles’s grandfather) and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck believed that certain physical characteristics were predetermined to evolve in a gradual manner over time. They called this the “Ladder of Nature” or the scala naturae. Charles Lyell used the term to describe this concept in his Principles of Geology, first published in 1833. Darwin revealed his theory of evolution in his book On the Origin of Species which was written in the early 1800s. It states that all species of organisms have an ancestry that can be traced through fossils and other lines of evidence. This is the current view of evolution, which is supported in a wide range of scientific fields which include molecular biology. Scientists don't know how organisms have evolved, but they are confident that natural selection and genetic drift are responsible for the development of life. Individuals with advantageous characteristics are more likely to live and reproduce. They transmit their genes on to the next generation. Over time, this results in gradual changes in the gene pool, which eventually lead to new species and forms. Certain scientists also use the term evolution to refer to large-scale changes in evolutionary processes like the creation of a new species from an ancestral species. Some scientists, like population geneticists, define the term “evolution” in a more broad sense by talking about the net change in allele frequency over generations. Both definitions are correct and acceptable, but some scientists believe that allele-frequency definitions miss important aspects of the evolutionary process. Origins of Life One of the most crucial steps in evolution is the emergence of life. This occurs when living systems begin to evolve at a micro-level – within individual cells, for example. The origin of life is an issue in a variety of disciplines, including biology, chemistry, and geology. The origin of life is a topic that is of immense interest to scientists because it is a challenge to the theory of evolution. It is often referred to as “the mystery of life” or “abiogenesis.” Traditionally, 에볼루션 카지노 사이트 that life can arise from nonliving objects is known as spontaneous generation or “spontaneous evolution.” This was a popular view before Louis Pasteur's research showed that it was impossible for the emergence of life to be a result of a purely natural process. Many scientists believe it is possible to transition from nonliving substances to living ones. However, the conditions required are extremely difficult to reproduce in a laboratory. This is why researchers studying the nature of life are also interested in determining the physical properties of early Earth and other planets. Furthermore, the growth of life depends on a sequence of very complex chemical reactions that can't be predicted from basic physical laws on their own. This includes the conversion of long information-rich molecules (DNA or RNA) into proteins that perform functions, and the replication of these intricate molecules to generate new DNA or RNA sequences. These chemical reactions are often compared to the chicken-and-egg problem of how life began in the first place. The appearance of DNA/RNA and proteins-based cell machinery is vital for the beginning of life, however, without the appearance of life the chemical reaction that is the basis for it isn't working. Research in the area of abiogenesis requires collaboration among scientists from various fields. This includes prebiotic scientists, astrobiologists, and planet scientists. Evolutionary Changes Today, the word evolution is used to describe gradual changes in genetic traits over time. These changes can result from adaptation to environmental pressures, as described in the entry on Darwinism (see the entry on Charles Darwin for background), or from natural selection. This latter mechanism increases the number of genes that offer the advantage of survival for the species, leading to an overall change in the appearance of a group. These evolutionary changes are caused by mutations, reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction and gene flow. Natural selection is the process that allows beneficial mutations to become more common. All organisms undergo mutations and reshuffles of their genes. As mentioned above, those who have the advantageous trait have a higher reproduction rate than those who don't. This difference in the number of offspring born over many generations can result in a gradual shift in the average number of beneficial characteristics in a group. A good example of this is the increase in the size of the beaks on different species of finches in the Galapagos Islands, which have developed beaks with different shapes that allow them to easily access food in their new environment. These changes in the shape and form of organisms could also be a catalyst for the creation of new species. The majority of changes are caused by a single mutation, however sometimes multiple occur at once. The majority of these changes are neither harmful nor even detrimental to the organism, however, a small proportion of them can have a positive impact on the survival of the organism and its reproduction, thereby increasing the frequency of these changes in the population over time. This is the process of natural selection, and it is able to, over time, produce the accumulating changes that eventually result in an entirely new species. Many people confuse the concept of evolution with the notion that traits inherited can be altered by conscious choice, or through use and abuse, a notion called soft inheritance. This is a misunderstanding of the biological processes that lead to evolution. It is more precise to say that evolution is a two-step, separate process, that is influenced by the forces of natural selection and mutation. Origins of Humans Humans of today (Homo sapiens) evolved from primates – a group of mammals that also includes chimpanzees and gorillas and bonobos. Our ancestors walked on two legs, as evidenced by the earliest fossils. Genetic and biological similarities suggest that we are closely related to chimpanzees. In actual fact, our closest relatives are the chimpanzees from the Pan genus. This includes pygmy as well as bonobos. The last common ancestor of modern humans and chimpanzees was between 8 and 6 million years old. Humans have developed a range of characteristics over time including bipedalism, the use of fire and advanced tools. However, it is only in the past 100,000 years or so that the majority of the important traits that distinguish us from other species have emerged. These include language, a large brain, the ability to create and utilize complex tools, and the ability to adapt to cultural differences. Evolution is when genetic changes allow members of an organization to better adapt to their environment. This adaptation is driven by natural selection, a process that determines certain traits are more desirable than others. The better adaptable are more likely to pass on their genes to the next generation. This is the way all species evolve, and the foundation for the theory of evolution. Scientists call it the “law of Natural Selection.” The law states that species that have an ancestor in common will tend to develop similar traits over time. This is because these traits allow them to reproduce and survive within their environment. All organisms possess a DNA molecule that contains the information needed to control their growth. The structure of DNA is composed of base pairs which are arranged in a spiral, around sugar and phosphate molecules. The sequence of bases within each strand determines the phenotype or the individual's unique appearance and behavior. Variations in mutations and reshufflings of the genetic material (known as alleles) during sexual reproduction cause variations in a population. Fossils of the first human species, Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis have been discovered in Africa, Asia, and Europe. These fossils, despite a few variations in their appearance, all support the theory of the origins of modern humans in Africa. The genetic and fossil evidence suggests that the first humans left Africa and migrated to Asia and Europe.